&&000 HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH (1979) 8TH GRADE HBJ9798T.ASC LEVEL 14 EXPANDING HORIZONS BY Margaret Early et al Source: Hobart WS xerox scan edit by DPH February 13, 1993 &&111 National forests. The name forest reserve seemed to indicate an area to be held back and saved for future use. =Theodore =Roosevelt had a different idea for the forests owned by the nation as a whole. He wanted this great natural resource to be used widely by as many people as possible. During =Theodore =Roosevelt's =Presidency, therefore, the name of the old forest reserves was changed to national forests. This land is not locked up like the gold at =Fort =Knox. Instead, it is used in a number of different ways. Lumber companies are allowed to farm the national forests by paying for the timber they cut. But they must be certain that new trees will replace those they remove. Thus, the national forests constantly renew themselves. Ranchers are permitted to graze cattle and sheep in the valleys and meadows of the national forests. For this privilege most ranchers pay a fee for a ten-year grazing permit. Hunting, fishing, camping, and other forms of outdoor recreation are and patterns. We will train them and show them how to train their help. And, since they can't afford to hire an experienced buyer to go to =New =York and buy in volume the way the big stores do, we will supply them with merchandise. If we can, we'll manufacture it. Otherwise, we'll buy it for them. Either way, we'll see that they get style and good value so they'll stay with us. We'll charge them an initial fee for our time and effort, but after that we'll be paid for our services through the profit we receive on the sale of our garments. Asked whether he would recommend to young people that they go into business for themselves, =Terry answers, If young persons are thinking about starting a business, they ought to examine carefully what business is, and also examine themselves. If they want to go into business just because they're tired of being bossed around, they're on the wrong track. When you own a business you can't just do as you please. In fact, you have a lot of bosses, you're working for a lot of people, and you have to please a lot of people. The right way to go into business is to render a service, not with the idea of being a big boss and standing on top and cracking a whip. Successful business people are servants of the people. And they've got to be prepared to work. Too many people start with the wrong conception. The snow fell, softly and slowly, but the two cowhands did not mind. They brushed away the feathery flakes and went on with their search. The time was =December =1888. The place was the lower end of the =Mesa =Verde, in southwestern =Colorado. The two cowhands were =Richard =Wetherill and his brother-in-law, =Charlie =Mason. They were searching for cattle which had strayed away from the herd into the rough, unexplored country of the great =Mesa =Verde. High up on the rim of a little side canyon, they came to an opening where the forest gave way to a bare rock ledge. Looking down into the canyon, they saw a great cave cut into the cliff on the other side. But that was not all, for in the cave was a silent city, with towers and walls rising out of a heap of ruins. The missing cattle were forgotten as the two cowhands made their way around the canyon and down over the cliffs. For hours they wandered about the city, crawling through low doorways into dark and dusty rooms. Here they found many remains of an ancient culture. In some of the rooms were the bones of the people themselves. In their astonishment the two men thought they had found a palace. Later, when they told others about their discovery, they spoke of it as a =Cliff =Palace, and the silent city in the cave has been known by this name ever since. Although not a palace, it While there were dozens of rides at =Coney by =1894, each was owned and operated privately. Then =Captain =Paul =Boyton came up with the idea of grouping rides and attractions in a single, enclosed amusement park and charging an admission fee at the gate. On the =Fourth of =July in =1895, he opened =Sea =Lion =Park on =Coney Island, directly behind the =Elephant =Hotel. It became =Coney Island's, the nation's, and the world's first enclosed amusement park. =Boyton and his =forty sea lions had top billing, but a ride called =Shoot-the-Chutes quickly became the park's most popular attraction. Flat-bottomed boats that held a dozen passengers raced down a long, water slide to end with a splash in a large lagoon. This ride became so successful that =Boyton soon opened up =Shoot-the-Chutes in four cities. Eventually old mills and =Shoot-the-Chutes were combined to make the popular mill chute ride that featured as its climax a =thirty-foot climb in the dark, leading to a =thirty-foot drop into an open lagoon. Mill chutes were soon to be found in nearly every major amusement park in the country. =Sea =Lion =Park brought customers in by the droves. At the turn of the century, however, three more amusement parks appeared on =Coney Island. And they were the most lavish, spectacular, sensational amusement parks =American had ever seen. Read the three paragraphs that follow. In which paragraph is the author's purpose to present facts objectively? In which paragraph does the author use facts to try to persuade the reader to think a certain way about something? In which paragraph is the author's purpose to entertain? My visit to the ancient =Aztec ruins in =Mexico was a journey into time. As I climbed the narrow stone steps of the =Pyramid of the =Sun at =Teotihuacan I could almost see the long procession of priests and nobles. Their gold ornaments glinted in the sunlight, and their feathered costumes flowed gently in the heat of the morning. I could hear shouts and chants from a =thousand =Aztec tongues. I lingered for several moments, not wanting to break the dusty spell of the past. =Galapagos is the =Spanish word for turtles. It is also the name for the small islands lying in the =Pacific =Ocean off the coast of =South =American. The giant tortoises found on the =Galapagos =Islands are the world's oldest living animals. Some individuals weigh close to =180 kilograms and are, perhaps, =400 years old. Our modern calendar is both inaccurate and confusing. Our earth year is actually =365 days, =6 hours, =9 minutes, and =9 seconds, not =365 days as you are led to believe. To provide for this difference, we have to add an extra day to =February, the short month, every four years. However, one calendar day is =24 hours, whereas the time lost is slightly more than =24 =1/2 hours! Clearly, this foolish system is not working out very well. Identifying the purpose of different kinds of details in textbooks is an important part of understanding what you read. Details can support a stated main idea by giving examples, suggest an unstated main idea, or provide general information about a topic. As you read this textbook excerpt, refer to the sidenotes. They will help you identify the different kinds of details. =India is reached at last. After =Prince =Henry's death, =Portuguese captains continued to explore the coast of =Africa. At last, late in =1487, =Bartholomew =Dias sailed around the southern tip. When he was quite sure that the way was now clear Very often, the main idea of a paragraph is not specifically stated. Instead, all the details lead up to or suggest a main idea. Read the following paragraph. What is the topic? Based on the details, what is the most important thing the author says about the topic? If you like exercise and fresh air, there's no need to run out and buy a tennis racket or pair of snow skis. Many people have discovered running. Running is a satisfying action sport that requires no equipment at all. If you prefer a slower pace, you don't necessarily need an expensive set of golf clubs. Hiking has become the favorite outdoor pastime of =millions. It is a leisurely way to see nature without relying on clubs, balls, and other paraphernalia. Perhaps you prefer water to land. Do you have to invest in a surfboard or scuba gear? Not at all. Muscles are the only equipment you need for a pleasurable day of swimming. sips a cup of steaming coffee. She got up at =3'30 =AM to see if the weather would be good for firing. It was too windy. Perhaps she can resume her work tomorrow. A Quiet Morning. =Blue =Corn rises about four the next morning and looks out into the darkness. It is quiet. No wind is blowing. Behind her home, she builds a grill from several pieces of iron. Under it she slides shredded cedar for kindling. =Joseph, her son, is up now, and as the first sunlight breaks he helps her place the week's fourteen pots upside down on the grate =Then they surround the pots with sheets of tin until they are completely enclosed. Next, cakes of fried cow manure are stacked all around the square tin kiln. Blue =Corn and =Joseph light the kindling, and soon the dung smolders and burns sweetly. A gray feather of smoke rises into the calm air. Firing is the last and most important step in making pottery. A potter spends days shaping, drying, polishing, carving, and decorating her pots. But she may lose one or all of them during the firing. A draft can cause the fire to scorch and discolor the pots. Insufficient heat may warp a pot. Too much heat can break it. Blue =Corn remembers well the day she fired two large, intricately patterned plates that she hoped to enter in the =New =Mexico state fair: They were in the fire, and I heard a large crack! One of the plates had broken in the middle, and manure had fallen onto it. The other was also damaged. I sat down and cried. I gave up pottery for a week. I just couldn't do it. I didn't even enter anything. I heard that all these people were asking for my pots, and I was home crying. But today the firing is successful. Blue =Corn and =Joseph move around the smoky fire. They prod the dung cakes and cedar, and they peer with weeping eyes at the pots visible behind the flames. It shows the daily schedule for buses from =Centerdale to =Chester =City, including all stops in between. The shaded areas indicate =AM times. If you were planning to take the bus, you should notice: Passengers can board the bus to =Chester =City at five places: =Centerdale, =Ogden =Flats, =Reilly, =Willow =Springs, and =Bowerville. Buses to =Chester =City leave every two hours. The first bus arrives in =Chester =City at =200 =PM. The last bus arrives in =Chester =City at =2'00 =AM. The times shown for all the towns before =Chester =City are departure times. The =Chester =City times are arrival times. Sometimes when you read a timetable, your arrival time is more important to you than your departure time. For example, suppose you have to be at your friend's house for dinner at six-thirty. Your friend's house is a fifteen-minute walk from the =Chester =City bus depot. You live in =Reilly. Which bus would you take? In this case, you have to make sure you get to =Chester =City at least fifteen minutes before you're due at your friend's house for dinner. Look at the last column, the arrival times for =Chester =City. Notice that there is a bus arriving at =6'00 =PM. This gives you half an hour to walk to the house. To find the time the bus departs =Reilly, move your eyes to the left of =6'00 =PM until you find the column for departure times at =Reilly. The bus leaves at =3'25 =PM. At what time would you take the bus if you lived in =Centerdale? Sometimes your ability to follow directions can be a matter of life or death. As you read this selection, look for the things you are told to do as well as the things you are told not to do. As a first-aider, you may come across many different problem situations. Your decisions and actions will depend upon the things that caused the accident or sudden illness; the number of persons involved; the immediate environment; the availability of medical help, emergency dressings, and equipment; and aid from others. You will need to adapt what you have learned to the problem at hand, or to improvise. Sometimes fast action is needed to save a life. At other times there is no need for haste. Efforts will be directed toward preventing further injury and getting help. Reassuring the victim, who may be upset and in pain, is also very important. First aid begins with action. This has a calming effect. If there are many injuries or if several persons are hurt, priorities must be set. Enlist the help of bystanders to make telephone calls and direct traffic. They can also keep others at a distance, position safety flares in case of highway accidents, and perform similar duties. Provide life support to victims with life-threatening injuries. Then care for those with less serious injuries. Telephone, or have someone else telephone, the proper authorities regarding an accident. The police department or the highway patrol is a good first contact. However, the circumstances surrounding the accident should be a guide as to whom to call. Always have a list of emergency &&000 RAND McNALLY (1978) 8TH GRADE RAN9788T.ASC Level 15 SOUNDINGS no author on cover page Source: SUNY Cortland xerox, scan edit by DPH February 3, 1993 &&111 =France had a game called =soule, which they probably introduced to =Britain in =1066 when =William the =Conqueror invaded that country. There were no actual fields or even boundaries in soule, and in fact distance was of major importance. A team could run for miles, passing a leather or wooden ball back and forth among them before their opponents managed to catch up with them and get the ball away! =England is credited as the birthplace of soccer as we know it today because it was the first country in which an actual association governing the sport was formed. The =English kept records of the game beginning about the middle of the fourteenth century, when the =English royalty, who had long looked down on this football privately, began to do so publicly and officially. Soccer was a game of the lower classes, and it was a rough, often dangerous sport. Matches frequently resulted in serious injuries and even deaths. From =1349 onward, various =British monarchs either spoke out against it or actually prohibited it. There were exceptions, notably =William, prince of =Orange, later =William III of =England. Before his arrival in =England, =William's interest had been sparked by =Count =Albemarle, who returned from Italy in =1681 with reports of a game called =calcio that he had seen in =Florence. =Calcio differed from the type of soccer known in =England because it allowed the use of the hands as well as the feet. William and =Count =Albemarle decided to get up two teams for a match, and wagered with each other on the outcome. =Albermarle's team won, but =William enjoyed the match so much that he canceled the royal ban against soccer. Whether the royal ban was on or off, the ordinary =English people continued to play you spend money on. Put the items in categories. Movies and bowing, for example, might come under the heading of entertainment. New stamps for your collection might be listed under hobbies. Then, take a large sheet of paper or a notebook, and list projected expenses for the same period of time. Think about immediate expenses and long-term expenses, both this week's movie and next month's holiday presents. And divide your expenses into those which are fixed, over which you have no choice, such as lunch money or club dues and those which are optional, such as a magazine or a movie. A calendar may come in handy for longterm planning. Look ahead at school vacations. Do you spend more money or less when you're on vacation? Either way, if you know when the vacations are, you can plan ahead. Figure out when all the family's birthdays fall. If you are lucky, they'll be spread throughout the year; if you're not, they may be bunched in a short period of time and you may have some extra-careful planning to do to be able to buy all the gifts you want to buy. Knowing this in advance, however, makes planning possible. Writing everything down is not the end of your budget, however; it is only the beginning. If your projected outgo exceeds your anticipated income, you will have to trim expenses. The place to do that is in your optional list. You may be able to postpone the purchase of a new record or, if necessary, do without it altogether at a time when your other expenses are heavy. It takes some self-discipline, but if your budget shows that you will run out of money without it, the discipline is well worth it. Otherwise, the record may provide temporary pleasure and long-range frustration. was =French =Minister of =Finance in =1759. He drastically cut government spending and his strict reforms made his name a byword for anything plain or cheap. Luxury-loving nobles of the =French court sneeringly tagged such things a =la =Silhouette. Since the paper shadow pictures were cheap substitutes for miniature oil paintings the phrase was applied to them, and we have come to call any shadow outline a silhouette. spoonerisms =William =Archibald =Spooner =1844'1930 was an =Anglican clergyman and educator, dean and warden of =New =College, =Oxford, from =1876. As some people have when they are nervous or embarrassed, =Spooner had occasional lapses of speech in which he transposed the sounds of two or more words. He said =kinkering =kongs when he meant conquering kings. He told one of his students, You have already tasted three worms here, instead of wasted three terms here, and spoke of a well-boiled icicle rather than a well-oiled bicycle. =Spooner's =Oxford students, amused by his twisting of words, were tempted to imitate the habit for fun with such remarks as, Is the bean dizzy? Soon other people were making up =Spoonerisms until it was such a fad that the word spoonerism became part of the language to describe the ludicrous exchange of sounds or words in a sentence. Among other spoonerisms attributed to =Spooner are tons of soil for sons of toil and blushing crow for crushing blow. The crowd was too dazed even to roar. The judges gathered at once in frowning conference. But nothing amiss with =Seven's equipment could be found, no electric batteries or other illegal contrivances, so at last her number was posted. Sam =Shay paid over the twenty dollars, while his acquaintance goggled at him. He would have asked questions, but =Sam was in no mood for conversation. He moved away and sought a seat. There he pondered. There could no longer be any doubt. His dream of the evening before had been no dream. It was =Satan himself he had met face to face in the park, and =Satan was having his vengeance for being bested. Sam could not call to mind the name of any other man in history who had outwitted the =Devil without ruing it, and it was plain he was not to be the exception. Wagering was =Sam's life and livelihood, as =Satan had well known. And if =Sam was never to win another bet, he swallowed hard at the thought. Not only would he have lost =Shannon =Malloy for naught, but he would even be forced to the indignity of earning his living by the strength of his hands, he who had lived by his wits so pleasantly for so long. It was a sobering reflection. But for the moment no helpful scheme would come. Just before the warning bell for the last race of the day, however, =Sam rose with alacrity. He counted his money. Aside from carfare back to town, he had just fourteen dollars upon him. Seven two-dollar tickets, and in the last there was a field of seven! Sam chuckled and bought seven tickets to win, one on each of the entries. Then, feel gulfed in a treacherous piece of bog. It had been that dreadful wet summer, you know, and places that were safe in other years gave way suddenly without warning. Their bodies were never recovered. That was the dreadful part of it. Here the child's voice lost its self-possessed note and became falteringly human. Poor aunt always thinks that they will come back some day, they and the little brown spaniel that was lost with them, and walk in at that window just as they used to do. That is why the window is kept open every evening till it is quite dusk. Poor dear aunt, she has often told me how they went out, her husband with his white waterproof coat over his arm, and =Ronnie, her youngest brother, singing, O haven't they stopped for the doctor's care, Haven't they reined their horses, their horses? Why, they are none of them wounded, dear, None of these forces. O is it the parson they want, with white hair, Is it the parson, is it, is it? No, they are passing his gateway, dear, Without a visit. O it must be the farmer who lives so near. It must be the farmer so cunning, so cunning? They have passed the farmyard already, dear, And now they are running. O where are you going? Stay with me here! Were the vows you swore deceiving, deceiving? No, I prornised to love you, dear, But I must be leaving. O it's broken the lock and splintered the door, O it's the gate where they're turning, turning; Their boots are heavy on the floor And their eyes are burning. And face the music, I said, thinking howangry my father would be with me. We had just started to walk in when I heard my father's voice. I could hardly believe what he was saying. We make a good team, my daughter and I, don't we Mrs =Cholo? He looked up as I came in and smiled at me. He wasn't angry! He was, well, proud of me. I sat beside him as he began talking to Mrs =Cholo in his gentle, healing voice. You must face east, my dear one. Face the day to come, not the day that is past. I had listened to those words so many times, but now I was hearing them for the first time. I met my father's eyes and read a new kind of understanding there. I saw that he understood that going to =Skyline was my way of facing east. And I understood that letting me go was his. I was asking for something specific and perfect for my city, Whereupon lo! up sprang the aboriginal name. Now I see what there is in a name, a word, liquid, sane, unruly, musical, self-sufficient, I see that the word of my city is that word from of old, Because I see that word nested in nests of water bays, superb, Rich, hemmed thick all around with sailships and steamships, an island sixteen miles long, solid-founded, Numberless crowded streets, high growths of iron, slender, strong, light, splendidly uprising toward clear skies, Tides swift and ample, well loved by me, toward sundown, The flowing sea-currents, the little islands, larger adjoining islands, the heights, the villas, The countless masts, the white shore-steamers, the lighters, the ferryboats, the black seasteamers well modeled, The downtown streets, the jobbers houses of business, the houses of business of the ship merchants and money brokers, the river streets, Immigrants arriving, fifteen or twenty =thousand in a week. The carts hauling goods, the manly race of drivers of horses, the brown-faced sailors. The summer air, the bright sun shining, and the sailing clouds aloft, The winter snows, the sleigh bells, the broken ice in the river, passing along up or down with the flood tide or ebb tide, The mechanics of the city, the masters, well formed, beautiful-faced, looking you straight in the eyes, =Trottoirs' thronged, vehicles, =Broadway, the women, the shops and shows, A =million people, manners free and superb, open voices, hospitality, the most courageous and friendly young men, City of hurried and sparkling waters! city of spires and masts! City nested in bays! my city! never suspecting how close we had come to a dramatic rescue of the man who had been sought for five days in the greatest mass search that lonely country had ever seen. =Lewis =Sweet crept on over the ice all that day. His progress was slow. Inside the heavy socks he could feel fresh blisters swelling his feet. They puffed up until he literally rolled on them as he walked. Again and again he went ahead a few steps, sat down and rested, got up and drove himself doggedly on. At times he crawled on all fours. He detoured around places where the new ice looked unsafe. Late in the afternoon he passed the end of =CraneIsland, at about the spot where he had gone adrift. Land was within reach at last and night was coming on, but he did not go ashore. He Both attempts failed. Convinced she needed experienced guides, Annie once more returned to =New =York, where with the backing of =Harper's =New =Monthly =Magazine, she secured two stalwart =Swiss, =Rudolph =Taugwalder and =Gabriel =Zumtaugwald for her fifth try. Lugging their equipment with them, they sailed four weeks to =Samancos, =Peru, and rode =90 miles inland on horseback to =Yungay. =Annie's clothing included three sets of lightweight woolen underwear, two pairs of tights, her canvas knickers, two flannel shirtwaists, a cardigan jacket, two sweaters, four pairs of woolen stockings, a woolen face-and-head mask, and both woolen and vicuna fur mittens. In addition, at =Admiral =Peary's suggestion, she borrowed an =Eskimo suit that =Peary had acquired in his =North =Pole explorations. =Rudolf, being the elder guide, took the lead. By the end of the first day's climb, =Annie had found that one of the chief difficulties in a woman's undertaking an expedition of this nature is that, whatever her experience, every man believes that he knows better what should be done than she. Sadly, =Rudolf was wont to pick campsites away from firewood, and what was more, on the third morning he left the climb altogether with a bad case of altitude sickness. Gabriel, =Annie, and the two =Peruvian porters continued their climb for six days, reaching all the way to the wind-scoured ridge beneath the north peak. But, with too little food, they were forced to descend. After only one day's rest, =Annie prepared with a vengeance and in ten days mounted her sixth attempt to answer the mocking mountain. She was =58 years old.