&&000 CANADIAN SCHOOLBOOKS                                                                CA70704.TXT
GRADE 7, IN THE 1970s
Samples drawn from OISE/UToronto Library dec 09-10 2003 by dph
1st edited by dph 22 December 2003
re-edited by dph 20 mar 2004
re-re-edited 21 June 2005

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=JohnGlenn carried a small hand camera on his orbital mission in order to take pictures through
his capsule window. When he was not using the camera, he let it float weightlessly in the air in
the middle of the capsule. He made interesting observations through the window of his capsule,
seeing seas, farmlands, sunsets, and the lights of cities below him. The people in the =Australian
city of =Perth kept all their lights on so that the astronaut, passing over at night, could look down
and see them.
The strangest thing he saw through his window was a swarm of bright, yellowish-green particles
that looked like fireflies. Scientists are trying to decide what these particles were. One theory is
that they were droplets released from the control jets of the =Mercury capsule. On his second
orbit, the astronaut turned his capsule around so that he could see the particles better, but they
were lost in the sun's glare.
One of the difficulties that =JohnGlenn faced was that a small gas jet that controlled the
orientation of the capsule failed in its operation. His capsule began to weave back and forth. He
had to operate the jet manually in order to keep the capsule nose-first in orbit. But the most
serious problem of the flight was the signal, received at tracking stations, that the capsule's
fiberglass heat shield had come loose. The heat shield was needed to keep the capsule from
burning like a meteor on its reentry into the atmosphere.
The astronaut was advised by radio to change the reentry procedure. The retrorocket package was
supposed to be jettisoned after the retrorockets were fired. The decision was to keep the
retrorocket package with the capsule all the


SHARKS
Six men are crossing the =Pacific on a log raft.
To get hold of a shark by the tail we first had to give it a real tit-bit. It was ready to stick its head
high out of the water to get it. Usually it had its food served dangling in a bag. For if one has fed
a shark directly by hand once, it is no longer amusing. If one feeds dogs or tame bears by hand
they set their teeth into the meat and tear and worry until they get a bit off, or until they get the
whole piece for themselves. But if one holds out a large dolphin at a safe distance from the
shark's head, the shark comes up and smacks his jaws together, and without one having felt any
tug, half the dolphin is suddenly gone, and one is left sitting with a tail in one's hand. We had had
a hard job ourselves to cut the dolphin in two with knives, but in a fraction of a second the shark,
moving its triangular saw-teeth quickly sideways, had imperceptibly chewed up the backbone
and everything else like a sausage machine.
When the shark turned quietly to go under again, its tail flickered up above the surface and was
easy to grasp. The shark's skin was just like sand-paper to hold on to, and inside the upper point
of its tail there was an indentation which might have been made to allow of a good grip. If we
once got a firm grasp there, there was no chance of our grip not holding. Then we had to give a
jerk before the shark could collect himself, and get as much as possible of the tail pulled in tight
over the logs. For a second or two the shark understood nothing, but then it began to wriggle and
struggle in a spiritless manner with the fore part of its body, for without the help of its tail a shark
cannot get up any speed. The other fins are only apparatus for balancing and steering. After a few
desperate jerks, during which we had to keep a tight hold of the tail, the surprised shark became
quite crestfallen and apathetic, and as the loose stomach began to sink down towards the head the
shark at last became completely paralyzed.


wood open craft based on the design of the birchbark canoe, propelled by single-blade paddles. In
=1871, some ardent =American canoeists organized the =NewYorkCanoeClub, the first one in
the =UnitedStates still in existence. Because of the interest in cruising and racing, the =American
=CanoeAssociation was organized in =1880 at Lake =George, =NewYork. To facilitate the
holding of competitions between =Canadians and =Americans in both paddling and sailing, the
=CanadianCanoeAssociation appeared. Subsequently, the =AmericanCanoeAssociation set up its
national camp and regatta site at =Sugar Island, =Gananoque, =Ontario, =Canada. Today the
=Association's many members are organized in nine geographical divisions which hold meets
and competitive events. Many local canoe clubs are affiliated with the =ACA and conduct their
activities under its rules.
Canoe trips into wilderness areas are "tops" in aquatic sport. Annually, sponsored by the =Boy
=Scouts alone, thousands of young voyagers come forth all states in the union to embark on trips
into =SuperiorNationalForest and =Canada's adjacent =QueticoProvincialPark. In this roadless
area, following trails blazed in fur-trading days, these canoeists paddle and portage through an
endless chain of lakes, camping in evergreen-birch forests where moose, deer, beaver, bear, loon,
and porcupine may be observed and fishing is par excellence.
Juniors and seniors alike use canoes for leisurely pleasure, for camping and fishing trips; for
paddling races with crews or for water slalom, white water races, and sailing races. Whether you
run rapids, take cruises, or compete in racing events, canoeing means adventure and calls to all
lovers of the out-of-doors.


agent of the fur company had been engaged in canvassing the hamlets and parishes round about
for voyagers. Experienced =engages were preferred, of course, but in every brigade there were
certain to be =mangeursdelard, the butt of many a practical joke. As soon as the agent had come
to terms with his =engag, an engagements was signed. Many of these papers have come down to
us and show the terms of the agreements. They were printed in =French, with spaces left for the
voyager's name, his home, the wages he was to receive, and any special provisions. One to three
years seems to have been the usual term for which the voyager contracted to remain in the
service. If he were a foreman or a steersman, he ordinarily received twelve hundred =livres per
annum, but if he were a pork-eater, he got only four hundred =livres. He agreed not to desert his
master and not to give aid or encouragement to his master's rivals during the period of his
engagement. At the bottom of the sheet one usually finds a cross instead of a signature, showing
that a formal education was not one of the assets of these men. Of course, such irresponsible
persons as the voyagers confessedly were, often broke their engagements, and much of the
confusion of the departure was due to the fact that =Henri, =Amable, =Pierre, =Hypolite, or some
other renegade had failed to put in his appearance, though already supplied, as was the custom,
with a third of his wages and his equipment. This equipment consisted usually of a blanket, a
shirt, a pair of trousers, two handkerchiefs, several pounds of carrot tobacco (a carrot-shaped
twist of tobacco weighing one to two pounds), and a few miscellaneous items for pork eaters, and
nearly twice the number of each item for winters.

To understand the =voyageur' completely one must accompany him on one of his trips from
=Montreal into the =paysd'enhaut, as he termed the =Northwest. Thereby one learns his
numberless little customs, his superstitions, his method of handling a canoe, and a thousand other
phases of his mercurial nature.
Any year between =1770 and =1840, =Montreal Island above the =LachineRapids was the scene
of much commotion on the May morning set for the departure of a brigade of canoes for.


were of gigantic size, heavier than a dozen elephants. They had long snakelike necks, small
heads, and twenty-foot tails. They waded along the margins of lakes and rivers, half sunk in mud
and water, feeding on soft plants. Others-like =Tyrannosaurus-walked on powerful hind legs, and
stood twenty feet tall. Their small arms ended in clutching hands and curved claws longer than
those of the biggest bear. Their mouths were more than a yard deep, bristling with great
dagger-like teeth. They killed other dinosaurs and tore the flesh off their bodies, gulping it in
hundred-pound chunks. Some were huge, pot-bellied reptiles thirty feet long. They were
Trachodons, and walked erect, balanced by heavy tails. Their faces were drawn out and flattened
into wide, horny beaks like a duck's bill. Two thousand small teeth filled their mouths. They
loved to wallow in lake-shore mud, chewing plants and herbs. But they were good swimmers,
too. When a hungry flesh eater leaped out of the forest, they dashed for deep water where he
couldn't follow. Other dinosaurs, like =Triceratops, were short-legged and square-bodied, as big
as an army tank. Long horns projected forward like machine.


News is a commercialized commodity which wagging tongues once circulated free of charge. As
written for the , modern newspaper, news answers some or all of the following: =What, =Who,
=When, =Where, =Why, and How, -though not necessarily in that order. This is known as the
rule of the five =W's and one =H.
The rule of the five =W's and one =H, along with some other rules, might be said to be the
science of news writing. To follow through on the science of news writing, pick up your
newspaper and mark out several straight news stories. Straight news stories exclude all
departmental matter such as is found in the theater section, women's page, sports articles,
financial columns, and so on.
Now, read the stories you have marked out. Study the style of writing as you read. Note that all
are written in an impersonal tone-which is to say, without the writer's personal opinion or
emotional bias entering into it. There you have another rule in the science of writing the straight
news story: no editorializing, no moralizing, no personal judgments.
There may be some violations of this rule in some of the stories you have read. If so, they must
be regarded as violations and not as justifiable exceptions to the rule.
"But suppose," you may ask, "a reporter has an emotional bias on the subject he is writing about.
How can he keep this out of his story?"
For answer, you may well consider the manner in which a surgeon would perform an operation
on even a sworn enemy by being true to the highest ideals of his calling.


Many animals that you see in the zoo or in picture books seem to have such bright patterns that
you would think they could be seen for miles. And yet in their native homes they are well
protected by these striking patterns. The zebra, the giraffe, the tiger, the =Malayan tapir, all have
bright patterns but all are hard to see in their own countries. Even the brightest colored birds are
often well concealed by their brightness. The peacock has brilliant colors. But a peacock in the
jungle is almost invisible. Some of the most dazzling colors and patterns are found on certain
fish. These fish live among corals and water plants. Their patterns make them very hard to see.
Baby deer have light spots on their backs. When they grow up the spots disappear. A grown-up
deer can run away from an enemy. A baby deer lies still; its spots make it very hard to see.
But all colors aren't for hiding animals. Some animals need to be seen. They are easy to see, and
their colors are called warning colors. The skunk is a fine example of warning colors. The skunk
wants to be recognized. Then other animals will leave the skunk alone. So the skunk has big
white and black stripes and a big plume of a tail. The white stripes are on the top or sides. Lower
down on the sides the skunk is black where most animals are lightest. There's not much danger of
stepping on a skunk without seeing it.
The cottonmouth snake or moccasin opens wide its mouth and shows the white lining when
someone approaches. Warning colors.
The rattlesnake matches its background. Probably it needs to be hidden so it can get within
striking distance of animals it wants to eat. So instead of warning colors the rattlesnake uses
warning sounds. It rattles its tail when an enemy approaches.
Insects that are bad for birds to eat are often easy to see. Once a bird has tried one of these insects
and found how bad it tastes there isn't much chance of the bird trying another if the bird can
recognize it.
That brings us to a very strange fact indeed. Many insects that are good for birds to eat look
almost exactly like the bad-tasting insects. They fool the birds. The birds think these good insects
are the bad insects and so let them alone. A fine example of this bird-fooling coloration is the
viceroy butterfly. The viceroy is good for birds to eat. But the viceroy looks so much like the
monarch butterfly that birds leave it alone,


Half the time both are wrong, but it is definitely unwise to point this out. The results can be
terrible.
If you are present during such an argument, the best thing to do is ignore your parents and let
them fight it out. The argument can go on and on and get pretty dull, so it is a good idea to keep a
book in the car.
Many parents will go on arguing for hours, as if they enjoyed it, maybe they do!
In this respect, as in many others, parents do not improve with age.
In most families there is a constant argument about who gets to look at a favorite program on
television. It is important to realize that this isn't unusual. It is very normal, except in towns with
only one TV station, where families may be lucky.
In big cities there is usually quite a dispute. The father frequently fights for the news or baseball,
the mother for the garden show or drama, the children for comedies or westerns, depending on
the ages.
The father usually wins out if he wants news, but not so easily if he wants baseball. He does it by
saying something not unlike: "Doesn't anybody except me care what's going on in the world?
There are a lot more important things than =GeneAutry." It doesn't seem to matter much that the
news is often about the same, Congress passing the tax bill and "diplomats" calling each other
names.
The best advice is just to accept all this and to remember that, otherwise, the male parent might
be spending his time bringing up subjects like report cards or broken windows or lost shoes.
Female parents are frequently having their hair remodeled. Some do it so often they seem not to
want anyone to get used to them. The average mother will stay in a much better mood if this is
noticed and complimented by her children
and husband, however often it happens or however strange it may look. Often this is torturous,
but it should be practiced, regardless.
This is one time when the male parent is apt to slip up, and regardless of his wife's numerous
hints, he just doesn't catch on.
For this reason, it is a good idea to "brief" the male parent on the happenings of the day and
remind him to compliment his wife when he arrives home on the days that she has.


family to use a coat of arms) came into being, and it is from this point that the expert is able to
trace the growth and changes, as well as the fixed symbols, that make the history of flags and
standards.
It is only of comparatively recent date that a nationalistic meaning has been given to the flags of
certain states, that is, recent in comparison to the long period that flags were distinctive of the
leaders, whether king or baron. In fact, the now outmoded theory of the divine right of kings (the
idea that kings were God's appointed leaders on earth and thus had great privileges) caused what
was originally the "=King'sColors" to become the colors of the state or kingdom. The
"=King'sColors" of the dominant sovereign became in time the banner of united countries and
states. Before the establishment of a state or national flag, we have record of the =fleurde-lis of
the =Bourbons, the black eagle of the =Hohenzollerns, the double eagle of the =Hapsburgs and
the =Romanoffs. They were originally the flags of a royal or princely house. The double-headed
eagles of imperial =Austria and =Russia symbolized their claim in a vague, traditional way to the
rule of both the former =Eastern and =Western =Roman =Empires. =Napoleon carried on the
=Roman tradition by the adoption of the eagles of the =Caesars. For an army standard he took
bees as an imperial device. In our day certain royal arms have been removed from the flags of
once powerful empires.
It is claimed that the flag of =Denmark, called the =Dannebrog, is the oldest national flag of a
present day state. It is tradition that the flag! was adopted in =1219 after the Danish King
=Waldemar beheld, at a critical point in battle, a shining cross in the sky. The red flag with the
white cross was then adopted and has remained the flag of the country until the present time. The
second oldest flag is that of =Switzerland, a white =Greek cross on a red field, adopted in the
seventeenth century. It is interesting to note that the flag of the =RedCross is that of Switzerland
with the colors reversed. The X-like cross that has been placed on many flags, both public and
private, is the =CrossofSaintAndrew.
Most national flags in their present form are of a recent date. The tricolor of =France was born of
the =French Revolution and supplanted the =fleur-de-lis of the =Bourbons in =1794. The
standard of =GreatBritain was adopted in =1801. 



=ChristianOersted demonstrated that an electric current is surrounded by a magnetic field. Later,
=MichaelFaraday and =JosephHenry found that a changing magnetic field can produce an
electric current in a wire, and as the electric charges move in the wire, the electrostatic field
changes.

Many improvements have been made in photography since its invention. Pictures may now be
taken under almost any kind of light conditions. The use of roll film, color film, fine lenses, new
chemicals, portable flash equipment, and precision-built cameras contributed to the progress in
photography. From still pictures came the idea for motion pictures, animation, and television.
Pictures can be made of objects too small or too far away to be seen by the naked eye. Aerial
photographs, for example, are a vital tool in reconnaissance and space research.

After the success of the telegraph, many men became interested in designing an instrument that
would transmit voices instead of just sounds over a wire. In =1861, =PhilipReis, a young teacher
in =Germany, built a "telephone" shaped like the human ear. He succeeded in transmitting
musical tones but not voices. Later, in =1876, =AlexanderGrahamBell was successful in
transmitting the human voice.


A tape recorder has many uses. It can record radio and TV programs, tape live conversations,
parties, special family events, phone conversations, and a hundred other audible events. Many
people use tape recorders to "write" talking letters, mailing them to relatives and friends many
miles away. There are many types and sizes of tape recorders. Broadcasting stations operate huge
and complex stereo units. Tiny pocket models are used for police and detective work. Some run
on batteries, some on house current, and some on both or either, as required.



=Tiros satellites are launched from time to time to circle from a near-polar orbit. By transmitting
a complete record of cloud conditions as they appear =1000 miles above the earth, these satellites
are helping to provide a daily global weather forecasting service.
Each of the =Tiros satellites is shaped like a lady's hatbox a flattened cylinder =22 inches high,
=42 inches in diameter, and weighing =300 pounds. Because two television cameras are placed at
opposite ends of the cylinder, one of them is always in position to take pictures while the craft is
spinning and moving forward. Every twenty-four hours, the cameras photograph the earth as it
appears at =230 PM throughout the daylight side, and =230 PM on the dark side. The pictures are
recorded at distant ground stations and are transmitted by facsimile machine to weather observers
around the world. Local forecasters then map the weather for their areas and send a revised local
forecast on weather maps by facsimile to hundreds of subscribers. The satellites are man's
observation posts in space, communicating information accurately and promptly about.


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